http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3 http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/v3/mods-3-2.xsd
XXX, 333 p. 434 illus., 422 illus. in color. online resource.
This book provides a comprehensive overview of the practical aspects of contrast echocardiography. It also covers all the material in the guidelines published by the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) in 2018 and the recommendations set out by the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI) in 2017. Contrast echocardiography at present is only used in 5-10% of cases, but this is expected to grow rapidly following the recommendations of the ASE and EACVI. The chapters cover the approved indications and provide practical advice on how to administer the contrast agents and how to optimize the recordings as well as how to deal with the pitfalls. The reader will find all the information on how to use contrast agents for assessment of shunts, LV volumes and function as well as myocardial diseases and masses. Detailed protocols are included for stress echocardiography and myocardial perfusion imaging. Other topics covered include the use of contrast agents for coronary sonography and transesophageal echocardiography. Contrast Echocardiography: Compendium for Clinical Practice comprehensively covers all aspects of the clinical use of contrast echocardiography and has been written by two cardiologists who share their experience from their high volume echo laboratories. One of the authors has been a member of both the ASE guidelines and EACVI recommendation writing groups. It is therefore, a critical text for echocardiographers and sonographers who perform echocardiography.
Introduction -- Agitated saline -- Indications -- Preparation of right heart contrast agents -- Side effects -- Gelatine-preparations -- Left heart contrast agents -- Indications -- Contraindications -- Properties of left heart contrast agents -- Side effects: diagnosis and treatment -- Metabolism of contrast agents -- Preparing the contrast agent the patient for contrast injection -- Preparing the patient -- Echocardiography scanner - setting for contrast echocardiography -- Agitated saline -- left heart contrast agents -- Infusion pump for contrast echocardiography -- Indications -- Operation of the pump -- Video-Guide -- References -- LV-Function and LV disease -- LV-Volumes und Function in 2D-und 3D-Echocardiography -- Measurement of LV-Volumes und LV-Function according current guidelines -- When is accurate measurement clinically relevant? -- Limitations of non-contrast 2D- und 3D-Echocardiography -- Advantages of Contrast Echocardiography for measurement of LV volumes -- Indications for Contrast Echocardiography -- Practice of 2D Contrast Echocardiography -- Recordings -- Criteria for adequate recordings -- Step by step analysis, how to avoid pitfalls -- Normal values -- EF-measurements in cardio-oncology -- EF measurements for ICD,CRT -- LV Volumes und EF in valvular heart disease -- EF and LV volumes in patients with heart failure -- Regional LV wall motion -- Practice of 3D Contrast Echocardiography -- Indications for using contrast agents -- 3D contrast echo recordings: how to perform/trouble shooting -- Analysis/How to avoid -- Normal values -- LV-Myocardial disease and masses -- Cardiomyopathies -- LV aneurysm -- LV masses/thrombi -- At a glance -- Video-Guide -- References -- Transesophageal Contrast Echocardiography -- Anatomy of left atrial appendage (LAA) -- What is relevant to the physician? -- LAA shapes: chicken wing and non-chicken wing -- What causes LAA thrombi? -- LAA thrombi basics -- Diagnostic criteria of LAA thrombi -- Conclusion -- Echocardiography scanner settings -- General principles for adequate settings -- Analysis of contrast TEE recordings -- Conclusions -- Vivid 7 dimension settings -- Vivid E9 XD clear settings -- Philips IE 33 settings -- LAA thrombi - case studies -- Variant 1 -- Variant 2 -- Variant 3 -- Variant 4 -- Spontaneous echo contrast and thrombi -- Exclusion of thrombi using contrast echocardiography -- Pericardial effusion and contrast echocardiography -- LAA occlude -- Aortic dissection -- Myxoma -- Conclusion -- Video-Guide -- References -- Coronary sonography -- Basics of coronary sonography -- Introduction -- Physiology and pathophysiology of myocardial perfusion -- Normal flow signals of coronary arteries -- Pathological flow recordings -- Coronary flow reserve -- Principle of coronary sonography -- Practice of coronary sonography -- Left coronary artery -- Left main stem -- Circumflex artery -- Right coronary artery -- Synopsis of typical scan planes -- Bypass grafts -- Coronary anomalies -- Coronary artery stenosis -- Conclusion -- Coronary flow velocity reserve (CFR) -- How to perform -- CFR und FFR -- CFR measurement in the right and circumflex arteries -- Echocardiography scanner settings -- Vivid- GE -- Philips EPIQ 7 -- Siemens Acuson SC 2000 -- Case study -- Conclusion -- Video-Guide -- References -- Stress echocardiography -- General principles -- Indications -- Contraindications -- Pretest probability -- Selection of the stress modality -- Echocardiographic parameters of ischemia -- Ischemic cascade -- Stress echocardiography for exclusion of significant coronary stenosis -- False positive and negative findings -- Stress echocardiography and ECG -- When to repeat stress echocardiography -- Referral to coronary angiography after stress echocardiography -- Exercise stress echocardiography in 10 steps -- Assessment of indications und contraindications -- Assessment whether physical stress is the adequate stress modality -- Patient preparation -- Required echocardiography laboratory equipment and staff -- Echocardiography scanner settings -- Preparation of the contrast agent -- Exercise protocol: mandatory recordings -- Management of the patient after finishing the test -- Assessment and reporting -- Conclusion and recommendations for patient management -- Dobutamine stress echocardiography in 10 steps -- Assessment of indications und contraindications -- Assessment whether Dobutamine stress is the adequate stress modality -- Patient preparation -- Required echocardiography laboratory equipment and staff -- Preparation of Dobutamine infusion -- Preparation of the contrast agent -- Dobutamine stress protocol: mandatory recordings -- Management of the patient after finishing the test -- Assessment and reporting -- Conclusion and recommendations for patient management -- Dobutamine stress echocardiography for assessment of myocardial viability -- At a glance -- Video guide -- References -- Multi-parametric stress echocardiography -- Rationale for multi-parametric stress echocardiography -- Basics of perfusion echocardiography -- Display of myocardial perfusion -- Flash-replenishment-method -- Triggered vs continuous recording -- Quality assessment of perfusion recordings -- Characteristics of abnormal perfusion -- Artifacts in perfusion imaging -- Echocardiography scanner settings -- Analysis of the recordings -- Adenosine -- Pharmacology -- Indications und contraindications.-Regadenoson -- Conclusion -- Practice of multi-parametric stress echocardiography -- Case studies -- Normal findings -- LAD stenosis -- Reporting -- Video-Guide -- References -- Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) -- Diagnostic criteria of ACS -- Role of echocardiography -- Impact of contrast echocardiography -- Safety of contrast media in ACS -- Myocardial perfusion and risk stratification during ACS -- Case study -- Myocardial perfusion and risk stratification after ACS, stunning and no-reflow -- Case study -- Myocardial rupture, perforation of coronary arteries -- Aortic dissection/rupture -- Video-Guide -- References -- EACVI Core Syllabus -- References. .