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It is well known that solid carbons can be found in various guises with different forms of bulk phases (graphites, diamonds and carbynes) as well as more molecular forms (fullerenes, nanotubes and graphenes) resulting from recent discoveries. The cause of this rich polymorphism is analyzed in the first part of this book (chapters 1-5) with the propensity of carbon atoms for forming different types of homopolar chemical bonds associated with variable coordination numbers. Precursor organic molecules and parent compounds are also described to establish specific links with this rich polymo.
Cover; Title Page; Copyright Page; Table of Contents; Introduction; PART 1. CARBON PHASES, PRECURSORS AND PARENT COMPOUNDS; Chapter 1. A Historical Overview; 1.1. The alchemy of carbon; 1.2. Elemental carbon and its allotropic varieties; 1.3. Novel molecular varieties; 1.4. Natural forms; 1.4.1. Carbon: witness of the evolution of the universe; 1.4.2. Natural carbons from Earth; 1.4.3. Comparison between natural and artificial carbons; 1.5. Contribution from quantum mechanics; 1.5.1. Homonuclear diatomic molecules; 1.5.2. Curved surfaces: the rehybridization phenomena.
1.5.3. Presentation of the crystalline forms1.5.4. The isotopes of the carbon atom; 1.6. Conclusion; 1.7. Bibliography; Chapter 2. Polymorphism of Crystalline Phases; 2.1. Thermodynamic stability and phase diagram; 2.1.1. Stable and metastable phases; 2.1.2. The phase diagram of carbon; 2.1.3. Case of the molecular phases; 2.1.4. Crystallographic presentation of usual phases; 2.2. Classical forms of carbon; 2.2.1. Cohesive energy and equation of state for solids; 2.2.2. Structures with a fixed coordination number; 2.3. Molecular and exotic forms.
2.3.1. Tri-coordinated structures on curved surfaces2.3.2. Exotic structures with mixed coordination numbers; 2.4. State of the art and conclusion; 2.5. Bibliography; Chapter 3. Non-Crystalline Carbons; 3.1. Reminder about defects and imperfections in networks; 3.1.1. Ideal single crystals; 3.1.2. Crystalline imperfections; 3.1.3. Non-crystalline solids; 3.1.4. Homogenity of a solid; 3.2. Thermodynamic approach and the classification of solids; 3.2.1. Generalities; 3.2.2. Classification of carbon-based materials; 3.3. Fabrication and characterization techniques.
3.3.1. Thin-film coating techniques3.3.2. Deposition mechanisms; 3.3.3. The role of catalysts; 3.3.4. Characterizations at different scales; 3.4. Conclusion; 3.5. Bibliography; Chapter 4. Derivative Compounds and Analogs; 4.1. Doping carbons and solid solutions; 4.1.1. Doped diamonds; 4.1.2. Doped graphitic phases; 4.1.3. Fullerenes and nanotubes doping; 4.2. 2D and 3D analog compounds; 4.2.1. Boron nitride; 4.2.2. Boron carbides; 4.2.3. Carbon nitrides; 4.2.4. Carbon-boron nitrides; 4.3. Similar materials; 4.3.1. Aggregates and inorganic nanotubes; 4.3.2. Bulk compounds; 4.4. Conclusion.
4.5. BibliographyChapter 5. From Aromatic Precursors to the Graphene Plane; 5.1. Condensed polyaromatic systems; 5.1.1. Presentation of condensed aromatic molecules; 5.1.2. Thermochemical evolution of organic precursors; 5.1.3. Association of aromatic molecules and supramolecular organization; 5.1.4. Structural and physico-chemical characteristics of low temperature carbons; 5.2. The graphene plane; 5.2.1. Characteristics and properties; 5.2.2. Growth in the vapor phase and thermodynamic stability; 5.2.3. Intercalation and exfoliation processes; 5.3. Current situation and conclusion.