Precise dimensions : a history of units from 1791-2018 /

• Κύριος συγγραφέας: Cooper, Malcolm (Malcolm J.) (συγγραφέας.)
• Άλλοι συγγραφείς: Grozier, Jim (συγγραφέας.)
• Μορφή: Ηλ. βιβλίο
• Γλώσσα: English
• Έκδοση: Bristol : IOP Publishing, c2017.
• Σειρά: IOP expanding physics.
• Θέματα: Μονάδες μέτρησης > Ιστορία; Μετρολογία > Ιστορία

Units are the foundation for all measurement of the natural world, and from which standard, our understanding develops. This book, stemming from a conference on the history of units organised by the editors, provides a detailed and discursive examination of the history of units within physics, in ad...

Πίνακας περιεχομένων:

• Preface
• Introduction
• Glimpses in brief
• 1. The metre and the metric system
• part 1. The making of the metre
• 1.1. Introduction
• 1.2. The birth of the metric system
• 1.3. The Meridian Expedition
• 1.4. How the Meridian was measured
• 1.5. From angles to metres
• 1.6. Measuring the base lines
• 1.7. Crunching the numbers
• 1.8. Extrapolation to the quadrant
• 1.9. Conclusion
• part 2. The metre convention and the BIPM
• 1.10. The archive metre shows its age
• 1.11. The international consensus : 1864-1875
• 1.12. The metre convention : 1 March to 20 May 1875
• 1.13. The metric system in the 20th and 21st centuries
• 2. From notion to precision : the SI second
• 2.1. Ancient times
• 2.2. The mechanical clock
• 2.3. The pendulum
• 2.4. Pursuing precision
• 2.5. Earth abandoned?
• 2.6. Electronics appear
• 2.7. Independent standards
• 2.8. Conclusions
• 3. Lord Rayleigh's determination of the ohm
• 3.1. Introduction
• 3.2. The rotating coil method
• 3.3. Value of the BA unit of resistance as determined by Rayleigh
• 3.4. The Lorenz method
• 3.5. The mercury standard
• 3.6. Subsequent developments and modern resistance standards
• 4. Temperature scales : past, present and future : 1700-2050
• 4.1. Introduction
• 4.2. de facto temperature scales : 1700-1900
• 4.3. Towards defined temperature scales
• 4.4. The demise of defined temperature scales?
• 4.5. Summary
• 5. Kelvin's absolute temperature and its measurement
• 5.1. Thomson's motivations for absolute temperature
• 5.2. The absolute as the abstract
• 5.3. The operationalization of Thomson's first absolute temperature
• 5.4. Thomson's second concept of absolute temperature
• 5.5. The operationalization of the second concept
• 5.6. Iterative operationalization
• 6. A brief history of the unit of chemical amount
• 6.1. Comparative measurements
• 6.2. Quantitative measurements
• 6.3. The mass unit of the chemist : the gram-molecule
• 6.4. The many atomic weight scales
• 6.5. The name : mole
• 6.6. Molar measurements in practice
• 6.7. Amount of substance as a dimensional quantity
• 6.8. The Avogadro number
• 6.9. Proposed new definition of the mole
• 6.10. Consequences of the entity-based definition
• 6.11. Outlook
• 7. The history of the SI unit of light, the candela
• 7.1. Introduction : light and vision
• 7.2. Artefact-based standards and units for measurement of 'light'
• 7.3. A radiometric approach to photometry
• 7.4. A look to the future
• 8. The story of mass standards 1791-2018
• 8.1. Introduction
• 8.2. Construction of the kilogram of the archives
• 8.3. William Hallowes Miller and the New Imperial Standard Pound
• 8.4. The metre convention, the BIPM and the international prototype of the kilogram
• 8.5. Relative stability of national and international prototypes
• 8.6. The new definition of the kilogram
• 8.7. Realisation of the kilogram using the silicon x-ray crystal density method : Si[rightwards arrow]SI
• 8.8. Conclusion
• 9. Mass from energy--a unit for a quantum world.