Understanding stellar evolution /

• Κύριος συγγραφέας: Lamers, Henny J.G.L.M (συγγραφέας.)
• Άλλοι συγγραφείς: Levesque, Emily M. (συγγραφέας.)
• Μορφή: Ηλ. βιβλίο
• Γλώσσα: English
• Έκδοση: Bristol : IOP Publishing, c2017.
• Σειρά: AAS-IOP Astronomy.; IOP astronomy.
• Θέματα: Άστρα > Εξέλιξη

Understanding Stellar Evolution' is based on a series of graduate-level courses taught at the University of Washington since 2004, and is written for physics and astronomy students and for anyone with a physics background who is interested in stars. It describes the structure and evolution of s...

Πίνακας περιεχομένων:

• 1. Stars : setting the stage
• 1.1. The sun : our star
• 1.2. The chemical composition of the sun and stars
• 1.3. The structure of stars
• 1.4. Stellar evolution in a nutshell
• 1.5. Summary
• 2. Observations of stellar parameters
• 2.1. The distance of stars
• 2.2. The mass of stars
• 2.3. The luminosity of stars
• 2.4. Magnitude, color, and temperature
• 2.5. The mass-luminosity relation
• 2.6. The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram and the color-magnitude diagram
• 2.7. Nomenclature of regions in the HRD and CMD
• 2.8. Summary
• 3. Hydrostatic equilibrium and its consequences
• 3.1. Conservation of mass : the mass continuity equation
• 3.2. Hydrostatic equilibrium
• 3.3. The virial theorem : a consequence of HE
• 3.4. Summary
• 4. Gas physics of stars
• 4.1. Mean particle mass
• 4.2. A general expression for the pressure
• 4.3. Radiation pressure
• 4.4. Pressure of an ideal gas
• 4.5. Electron Degeneracy
• 4.6. The equation of state (EoS) for electron gas
• 4.7. Neutron degeneracy
• 4.8. Polytropic gas
• 4.9. Summary
• 5. Opacities in stars
• 5.1. The Rosseland-mean opacity
• 5.2. Electron scattering : [sigma]e
• 5.3. Free-free absorption : [kappa]ff
• 5.4. Bound-freE absorption : [Kappa]BF
• 5.5. BOUND-bound absorption : [kappa]bb
• 5.6. Total Rosseland-mean opacity : [kappa]r
• 5.7. The mean-free path of photons : l
• 5.8. Summary
• 6. Radiative energy transport
• 6.1. Eddington's equation for radiative equilibrium
• 6.2. Mass-luminosity relation for stars in HE and RE
• 6.3. The Eddington limit : the maximum luminosity and the maximum mass
• 6.4. Summary
• 7. Convective energy transport
• 7.1. The Schwarzschild criterion for convection
• 7.2. Convection in a layer with a [mu]-gradient : Ledoux criterion
• 7.3. The mixing length : how far does a convective cell rise before it dissolves
• 7.4. The efficiency of convective energy transport
• 7.5. The convective velocity
• 7.6. Typical values of convective velocity and the timescale
• 7.7. The super-adiabatic temperature gradient in convection zones
• 7.8. Convective overshooting
• 7.9. Convection : where and why?
• 7.10. Chemical mixing by convection and its consequences
• 7.11. Summary
• 8. Nuclear fusion
• 8.1. Reaction rates and energy production
• 8.2. Thermonuclear reaction rates and the Gamow peak
• 8.3. Abundance changes
• 8.4. H[right arrow]He fusion
• 8.5. He[right arrow]C fusion : the triple-gas process
• 8.6. C-fusion, O-fusion, and Ne-photodisintegration
• 8.7. Photodisintegration and the formation of heavy elements
• 8.8. Summary of major nuclear reactions in stars
• 8.9. Formation of heavy elements by neutron capture
• 8.10. The minimum core mass for igniting fusion reactions
• 8.11. Fusion phases of stars in the ([rho]c,Tc) plane
• 8.12. Summary
• 9. Stellar timescales
• 9.1. The dynamical timescale
• 9.2. The thermal timescale or Kelvin-Helmholtz timescale
• 9.3. The nuclear timescale
• 9.4. The convection timescale
• 9.5. Comparison of timescales
• 9.6. Summary
• 10. Calculating stellar evolution
• 10.1. Assumptions for computing stellar evolution
• 10.2. The equations of stellar structure
• 10.3. Boundary conditions
• 10.4. Solving the structure equations
• 10.5. Principles of stellar evolution calculations
• 10.6. Summary
• 11. Polytropic stars
• 11.1. The structure of polytropic stars : P = K[rho][gamma]
• 11.2. Stellar parameters of polytropic models
• 11.3. The mass-radius relation of polytropic stars
• 11.4. Summary
• 12. Star formation
• 12.1. The interstellar medium
• 12.2. The Jeans mass for gravitational contraction
• 12.3. The collapse of molecular clouds
• 12.4. Fragmentation of molecular clouds
• 12.5. The minimum mass of stars
• 12.6. The end of the free-fall phase
• 12.7. The contraction of a convective protostar : the descent along the Hayashi track
• 12.8. The contraction of a radiative pre-main- sequence star : from the Hayashi track to the main sequence
• 12.9. T Tauri stars and Herbig Ae-Be stars
• 12.10. The destruction of lithium and deuterium
• 12.11. Stars that do not reach H-fusion : brown dwarfs with M < 0.08 M[sun]
• 12.12. The stellar initial mass function
• 12.13. Star formation in the early universe
• 12.14. Summary
• 13. H-fusion in the core : the main-sequence phase
• 13.1. The zero-age main sequence (ZAMS) : homology relations
• 13.2. The influence of abundances on the ZAMS
• 13.3. Evolution during the main-sequence phase
• 13.4. The end of the MS phase : the TAMS
• 13.5. The MS Lifetime
• 13.6. Summary
• 14. Principles of post-main-sequence evolution
• 14.1. Isothermal cores : the Sch�onberg-Chandrasekhar limit
• 14.2. The mirror principle of stars with shell fusion
• 14.3. The Hayashi line of fully convective stars
• 14.4. Summary
• 15. Stellar winds and mass loss
• 15.1. Types of winds
• 15.2. Line-driven winds of hot stars
• 15.3. Dust-driven winds of cool stars
• 15.4. Mass-loss formulae for stellar evolution
• 15.5. Summary
• 16. Shell H-fusion in low- and intermediate-mass stars : red giants
• 16.1. The start of the H-shell fusion
• 16.2. The H-shell fusion phase of low-mass stars of 0.8-2M[sun]
• 16.3. The H-shell fusion phase of intermediate-mass stars of 2-8 M[sun]
• 16.4. The Mcore-L relation for red giants
• 16.5. Metallicity dependence of the red giant branch
• 16.6. Mass loss during the red giant phase
• 16.7. Summary
• 17. Helium fusion in low-mass stars : horizontal branch stars
• 17.1. The ignition of helium fusion in low-mass stars
• 17.2. Helium fusion in the core : horizontal branch stars
• 17.3. Evolution on the horizontal branch
• 17.4. The observed HB of globular clusters
• 17.5. Summary
• 18. Double shell fusion : asymptotic giant branch stars
• 18.1. The start of the AGB phase
• 18.2. The Mcore-L relation of AGB stars
• 18.3. The second dredge-up at the beginning of the AGB phase
• 18.4. The thermal pulsing AGB phase (TP-AGB)
• 18.5. The third dredge-up
• 18.6. Summary of the dredge-up phases
• 18.7. The evolution speed during the AGB phase
• 18.8. Mass loss and the end of the AGB evolution
• 18.9. Summary
• 19. Post-AGB evolution and planetary nebulae
• 19.1. The post-AGB phase
• 19.2. Born-again AGB stars
• 19.3. Planetary nebulae
• 19.4. Fading to the white dwarf phase
• 19.5. Summary
• 20. White dwarfs and neutron stars
• 20.1. Stars that become white dwarfs
• 20.2. The structure of white dwarfs
• 20.3. The Chandrasekhar mass limit for white dwarfs
• 20.4. The cooling of white dwarfs
• 20.5. Neutron stars
• 20.6. Summary
• 21. Pulsating stars
• 21.1. Classical Radial Pulsators
• 21.2. Pulsation periods of classical radial pulsators
• 21.3. The [kappa]-mechanism of classical radial pulsators
• 21.4. An example : the pulsation of [delta] Cephei
• 21.5. Nonradial pulsations and asteroseismology
• 21.6. Summary
• 22. Observations of massive stars : evidence for evolution with mass loss
• 22.1. The observed upper limit in the HRD
• 22.2. The atmospheric Eddington limit
• 22.3. Luminous blue variables and the atmospheric Eddington limit
• 22.4. Wolf-Rayet stars
• 22.5. The dependence of massive star evolution on metallicity
• 22.6. Summary
• 23. Evolution of massive stars of 8-25M[sun]
• 23.1. Predicted evolutionary tracks
• 23.2. The internal evolution during the post-MS phase of stars of 8 to 25M[sun]
• 23.3. Stellar pulsation during blue loops
• 23.4. Summary
• 24. The evolution of massive stars of 25-120M[sun] : dominated by mass loss
• 24.1. The effect of mass loss during the main-sequence phase
• 24.2. Predicted evolution tracks with mass loss
• 24.3. The evolution of a 60M[sun] star with mass loss
• 24.4. The Conti scenario
• 24.5. Summary
• 25. Rotation and stellar evolution
• 25.1. The critical velocity of rotating stars
• 25.2. The Von Zeipel effect
• 25.3. nonspherical mass loss of rapidly rotating stars
• 25.4. Mixing by meridional circulation
• 25.5. The effect of rotation on the evolution of massive stars
• 25.6. Homogeneous evolution
• 25.7. Summary
• 26. Late evolution stages of massive stars
• 26.1. Late fusion phases
• 26.2. The internal evolution
• 26.3. Pre-supernovae
• 26.4. Summary
• 27. Supernovae
• 27.1. Light curves of supernovae
• 27.2. Core collapse
• 27.3. The core collapse supernova explosion
• 27.4. Energetics of core collapse supernovae of massive stars
• 27.5. Observed types of supernovae
• 27.6. The case of Supernova 1987A
• 27.7. The remnants of stellar evolution
• 27.8. Summary
• 28. Principles of close binary evolution
• 28.1. Periods and angular momentum
• 28.2. Equipotential surfaces of binaries
• 28.3. Contact phases
• 28.4. Changes in period and separation during mass transfer
• 28.5. Stable and runaway mass transfer
• 28.6. Summary
• 29. Close binaries : examples of evolution with mass transfer
• 29.1. Algol systems : conservative case A mass transfer
• 29.2. Massive interacting binaries : conservative case B mass transfer
• 29.3. Common envelope stars : case C mass transfer
• 29.4. The formation of high-mass X-ray binaries
• 29.5. The formation of low-mass X-ray binaries
• 29.6. Novae : WDs in semi-detached systems
• 29.7. Summary
• 30. Chemical yields : products of stellar evolution
• 30.1. A summary of the evolution of single stars
• 30.2. Chemical yields of single stars
• 30.3. The main producers of various elements
• 30.4. Summary
• Appendices. A. Physical and astronomical constants
• B. Stellar parameters
• C. Solar model
• D. Main sequence from ZAMS to TAMS
• E. Acronyms.