Clinical MR Imaging and Physics A Tutorial /

• Κύριος συγγραφέας: Chrysikopoulos, Haris S. (Συγγραφέας)
• Συγγραφή απο Οργανισμό/Αρχή: SpringerLink (Online service)
• Μορφή: Ηλεκτρονική πηγή Ηλ. βιβλίο
• Γλώσσα: English
• Έκδοση: Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009.
• Θέματα: Medicine.; Radiology.; Medicine & Public Health.; Imaging / Radiology.; Diagnostic Radiology.

 Keywords Spin › Electromagnetic radiation › Resonance › Nucleus › Hydrogen › Proton › Certain atomic nuclei possess inherent magnetic Let us summarize the MRI procedure. Te patient properties called spin, and can interact with electro- is placed in a magnetic feld and becomes temporarily 1 magnetic (EM) radiation through a process called magnetized. Resonance is achieved through the - resonance. When such nuclei absorb EM energy they plication of specifc pulses of EM radiation, which is proceed to an excited, unstable confguration. Upon absorbed by the patient. Subsequently, the excess - return to equilibrium, the excess energy is released, ergy is liberated and measured. Te captured signal producing the MR signal. Tese processes are not is processed by a computer and converted to a gray random, but obey predefned rules. scale (MR) image. Te simplest nucleus is that of hydrogen (H), con- Why do we need to place the patient in a m- sisting of only one particle, a proton. Because of its net? Because the earth’s magnetic feld is too weak to abundance in humans and its strong MR signal, H be clinically useful; it varies from 0. 3–0. 7 Gauss (G). is the most useful nucleus for clinical MRI. Tus, foC r urrent clinical MR systems operate at low, mid or our purposes, MRI refers to MRI of hydrogen, and for h igh feld strength ranging from 0. 1 to 3. 

 Resonance -- Electromagnetic Fields -- Macroscopic Magnetization -- Macroscopic Magnetization Revisited -- Excitation Phenomena -- T1 Relaxation (Longitudinal or Spin-Lattice Relaxation) -- T2 Relaxation (Transverse or Spin–Spin Relaxation) -- Magnetic Substrates of T1 Relaxation -- Magnetic Substrates of T2 Relaxation -- Proton (Spin) Density Contrast -- Partial Saturation -- Free Induction Decay -- Spin Echo -- Integration of T1, T2, and Proton Density Phenomena -- Inversion Recovery -- Image Formation – Fourier Transform – Gradients -- Gradient Echo Imaging -- Pulse Sequences -- Fast or Turbo Spin Echo Imaging -- Selective Fat Suppression -- Chemical Shift Imaging -- Magnetization Transfer Contrast -- Diffusion -- Artifacts -- Noise -- Imaging Time -- Resolution -- Contrast Agents -- Blood Flow -- MR Angiography -- Basics of MR Examinations and Interpretation.