Physics of the Upper Polar Atmosphere

• Κύριος συγγραφέας: Brekke, Asgeir (Συγγραφέας)
• Συγγραφή απο Οργανισμό/Αρχή: SpringerLink (Online service)
• Μορφή: Ηλεκτρονική πηγή Ηλ. βιβλίο
• Γλώσσα: English
• Έκδοση: Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg : Imprint: Springer, 2013.
• Σειρά: Springer Atmospheric Sciences,
• Θέματα: Environment.; Atmospheric sciences.; Space sciences.; Environmental sciences.; Environmental Physics.; Atmospheric Sciences.; Extraterrestrial Physics, Space Sciences.

This is the  only  extended textbook that covers in particular the physics of the upper polar atmosphere where the polar lights demonstrates the end product of a process taking place at extremely high latitudes between the solar wind and the upper polar atmosphere. A textboook that meets the modern...

Πίνακας περιεχομένων:

• 1. The Sun as a radiation source
• 1.1 General about the Sun 
• 1.2 The solar atmosphere
• 1.3 The electromagnetic radiation from the Sun 
• 1.4 Planck’s radiation law
• 1.5 The greenhouse effect
• 1.6 Radiowave emissions from the Sun.-1.7 The sunspots - Solar cycle.-1.8 The electromagnetic radiation from the disturbed Sun.-    1.9 Particle emissions from the quiet Sun.-1.10 Fluid flow in a nozzle
• 1.11 The solar wind equation
• 1.12 The frozen-in field concept  1.13 The garden hose effect
• 1.14 Exercises.- 2. The atmosphere of the Earth 2.1 Nomenclature
• 2.2 The temperature structure of the atmosphere
• 2.3 Atmospheric drag on satellites
•   2.4 The atmosphere as an ideal gas
• 2.5 The exosphere
• 2.6 Height-dependent temperature
• 2.7 The adiabatic lapse rate.- 2.8 Diffusion
• 2.9 The equation of motion of the neutral gas
• 2.10 The geostrophic and thermal winds
• 2.11 The wind systems of the upper atmosphere.- 2.12 Observations of the neutral wind
• 2.13 Collisions between particles
• 2.14 Collisions in gases with different temperatures
• 2.15 Drag effects
• 2.16 Thermospheric neutral winds
• 2.17 The E-region winds
• 2.18 Observations of E-region neutral winds
• 2.19 The vertical motion
• 2.20 Exercises
• 3. The Earth's magnetic field and magnetosphere
• 3.1 An historical introduction
• 3.2 Description of the Earth's magnetic field
• 3.3 Mathematical representation of the Earth's magnetic system
• 3.4 Secular variations in the Earth's magnetic field
• 3.5 Tracing the magnetic field lines
• 3.6 E-field mapping along conducting magnetic field lines
• 3.7 The source of the magnetic field of the Earth
• 3.8 The unipolar inductor.- 3.9 The magnetic field away from the Earth.-  3.10 The magnetic tail
• 3.11 Magnetic field merging
• 3.12 Effects of the magnetic force
• 3.13 The energy flux into the magnetosphere.-3.14 Some aspects of the energy balance
• 3.15 Magnetic field convection
• 3.16 High-latitude convection patterns and field-aligned currents 3.17 Exercises 
• 4. The ionosphere
• 4.1 The production of ionization by solar radiation
• 4.2 The ionization profile of the upper atmosphere
• 4.3 The Chapman ionization profile
• 4.4 The recombination process
• 4.5 The O+ dominant ionosphere
• 4.6 Ambipolar diffusion
• 4.7 Multicomponent topside ionosphere
• 4.8 Diffusion in the presence of a magnetic field
• 4.9 The E-layer ionization and recombination
• 4.10 The time constant of the recombination process.-4.11 The D-region ionization and recombination
• 4.12 Equatorial fountain effect
• 4.13 Ferraro's theorem
• 4.14 The magnetospheric convection close to the Earth  4.15 Exercises .-5 Currents in the ionosphere
• 5.1 The steady-state approach
• 5.2 Rotation of the ion velocity by height in the ionosphere
• 5.3 The current density in the ionosphere
• 5.4 Height-dependent currents and heating rates
• 5.5 Heating due to collisions
• 5.6 Heating of an oscillating electric field
• 5.7 Currents due to gravity and diffusion
• 5.8 Exercises.- 6. Magnetic fluctuations in response to height-integrated currents
• 6.1 Height-integrated currents and conductance
• 6.2 Magnetic field fluctuations from auroral currents
•   6.3 Equivalent current systems
• 6.4 Equivalent currents at different latitudes
• 6.5 The Sq current system
• 6.6 Mapping of E-fields in the ionosphere
• 6.7 Polarization fields around an auroral arc
• 6.8 Currents related to an auroral arc
• 6.9 Exercises
• 7 The aurora
•   7.1 An historical introduction
• 7.2 The height of the aurora
• 7.3 The occurrence frequency of the aurora
• 7.4 The global distribution of the aurora
• 7.5 The auroral appearance
• 7.6 Auroral particles
• 7.7 Precipitation patterns of auroral particles
• 7.8 The energy deposition profiles of auroral particles
• 7.9 Deriving energy spectra from electron density profiles
• 7.10 Excitation processes in the aurora.-7.11 The quenching process
• 7.12 The proton aurora
• 7.13 Exercises  References  Symbols  Index.