| Περίληψη: | The present thesis presents new methods for the traffic analysis and energy consumption calculation of elevator systems and escalators, that can be used for the design of efficient systems with respect to both service performance and energy consumption.
In Part A of the thesis, the innovative “Integrated Mathematical Elevator Traffic Analysis (IMETA) method” is presented for the traffic design/analysis of a modern directional collective elevator system that operates under group control that optimizes cost functions. It is the first analytical method that - with very low computational cost and repeatable results – can:
• apply for any combination of traffic pattern and demand level, building purpose and architecture and elevator configuration and operation principle (traction & hydraulic),
• provide unprecedented traffic and operation data for the evaluation of the service performance and for a detailed complementary energy analysis,
• implement control strategies,
• evolve and generalize the analysis of peak demand periods.
The IMETA method substitutes the - established in the contemporary analytical traffic analysis methods - concept of continuous “round trips” with the novel concept of intermittent Unidirectional Trips, as the major element of elevator operation.
For traction elevators, a new energy consumption parametric model is proposed that is fed with the generated traffic analysis results. The model processes engineering design data with unprecedent detail and granularity and it features novel routines for: a. the calculation of guiding energy losses, b. the estimation of the energy consumption for door operation and c. the calculation of the effect on the energy consumption of non-compensated suspension elements. The model produces extensive energy data for the executed flights and the stationary operation.
Next, the innovative “Energy - Service Efficiency Index” IES is proposed for the evaluation of the complete efficiency of a transportation machine, considering both its service performance and energy consumption. Its application to elevator systems provides a tool for the systematic evaluation of their complete efficiency.
In Part B, the design of efficient escalators is considered and a complete method is proposed that correlates specialized traffic analysis and a novel, analytical energy consumption parametric model. The service performance and energy consumption results, along with the produced values of the successfully adapted index IES, permit the complete evaluation of an escalator.
In Part C, the optimization of the horizontal positioning of elevator systems’ hoistways in buildings is attempted for the first time. Two methods are proposed. The first one, the “Optimum Hoistway Positioning Method I” is suitable for a primary stage of architectural design of multi-floor buildings where the various spaces in each floor plan are formed. It retrieves the optimum horizontal coordinates that belong to usable spaces of atriums and presents the minimum weighted Euclidean distance from every area of usable spaces of the building, considering the intensity they present for elevator usage, which is expressed by the “Elevator Usage Intensity Index”. For the definition of the optimum horizontal coordinates a modified version of the “Hill Climbing” search method is used.
The second method, the “Optimum Hoistway Positioning Method II” is proposed for a more advanced architectural design stage and – in the present thesis - is applicable for single floor plans. The method considers the complex of circulation spaces and the modified “Hill Climbing” search method retrieves along the circulation paths the optimum horizontal coordinates that present the minimum weighted Euclidean distance from the entrances of all usable spaces. Then, a modified version of the heuristic search method “Tabu Search”, being coupled with simple architectural rules that consider the structural elements of the floor plan, retrieves the sub-optimal coordinates that belong to usable spaces or atriums and depict the location of the entrance of an appropriately sized and architecturally compatible hoistway.
The proposed methods in all three parts of the thesis, have been programmed and detailed case studies exemplify their usefulness.
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