Atmospheric acidity and secondary inorganic aerosol formation

Secondary inorganic aerosol components (sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium) constitute a significant part of atmospheric PM mass and impact aerosol acidity. Aerosol nitrate and ammonium are mainly formed through gas-to-particle conversion processes of nitric acid (HNO3) and ammonia (NH3), while for sulf...

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Λεπτομέρειες βιβλιογραφικής εγγραφής
Κύριος συγγραφέας: Κακαβάς, Στυλιανός
Άλλοι συγγραφείς: Kakavas, Stylianos
Γλώσσα:English
Έκδοση: 2022
Θέματα:
Διαθέσιμο Online:https://nemertes.library.upatras.gr/handle/10889/23284
id nemertes-10889-23284
record_format dspace
institution UPatras
collection Nemertes
language English
topic Air pollution
Secondary inorganic aerosol components
ISORROPIA-II
Ατμοσφαιρική ρύπανση
Δευτερογενή ανόργανα σωματίδια
spellingShingle Air pollution
Secondary inorganic aerosol components
ISORROPIA-II
Ατμοσφαιρική ρύπανση
Δευτερογενή ανόργανα σωματίδια
Κακαβάς, Στυλιανός
Atmospheric acidity and secondary inorganic aerosol formation
description Secondary inorganic aerosol components (sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium) constitute a significant part of atmospheric PM mass and impact aerosol acidity. Aerosol nitrate and ammonium are mainly formed through gas-to-particle conversion processes of nitric acid (HNO3) and ammonia (NH3), while for sulfate the multiphase oxidation of sulfur dioxide (SO2) is mainly responsible. Chemical transport models (CTMs) have the tendency to overpredict fine nitrate aerosol levels in both U.S and Europe. This in turn can also affect fine ammonium aerosol predictions since in fine PM fraction nitrate partitions to the aerosol phase together with ammonium. Responsible for these errors in CTMs predictions may be the effects of non-volatile cations (NVCs) on fine PM levels and composition, which usually are not quantified correctly due to urban dust levels underestimation, but also the errors in the prediction of aerosol acidity. In addition, several Earth System Models (ESMs) usually neglect inorganic aerosol thermodynamics due to the additional computational burden. In this work, we use the PMCAMx CTM to quantify the effects of NVCs on fine PM levels and composition and to gain a better understanding of aerosol acidity and its various dependences. Also, ISORROPIA-lite, a simplified and lean version of the widely used ISORROPIA-II inorganic aerosol thermodynamics model is presented. Compared to its parent model, ISORROPIA-lite can simulate the effects of secondary organic aerosol water on aerosol thermodynamics. These effects are also examined. The first part of this thesis tests the hypothesis that errors in PM predictions by CTMs, such as PMCAMx, occur at least partially due to the urban dust emissions underestimation. The simulations suggest that the corresponding emissions are underestimated in the official pan-European reported emissions by a factor of ten. This hypothesis leads to improved PM10 predictions in all sites in Europe and especially in urban areas reducing the PM10 bias by 23% and the error by 13%. Simulations with the improved urban dust emissions indicate that PM1 nitrate, sulfate and ammonium levels can decrease on average within 20% over the modeling domain, while at the same time coarse levels can increase on average within 15% due to the higher levels of urban dust. In the second part of this thesis, aerosol acidity was simulated depending on particle size, location and altitude over Europe during summer using the hybrid version of PMCAMx for the simulation of inorganic aerosol formation. Simulations indicate that pH changes more with particle size in northern and southern Europe with differences up to 1−4 pH units between sub- and super-micron particles, while the average pH of PM1-2.5 can be as much as 1 unit higher than that of PM1. PM1 has the most water over the continental region of Europe, while coarse particles have the most water content in the marine and coastal areas due to the relatively higher levels of sea salt. Particles acidity increases with altitude (0.5-2.5 units pH decrease over 2.5 km) due to the decrease in aerosol liquid water content. Aerosol pH affects inorganic nitrate with the highest average nitrate levels predicted for the PM1-5 range and over locations where the pH exceeds 3. Dust increases aerosol pH for all particle sizes and nitrate concentrations for supermicron range particles. This effect of dust depends on calcium content. Τhe hybrid version of aerosol dynamics in PMCAMx is also used in the third part of this thesis to quantify aerosol acidity over the U.S during a wintertime and a summertime period as a function of particle size and altitude. Average PM1 pH can be higher up to 2 units during winter than summer due to the higher aerosol water levels in the cold periods. For the supermicron range, pH values are predicted to be higher during summer due to the higher concentrations of alkaline dust. Sub-micron aerosol is more acidic than supermicron for both seasons with pH differences of up to 1−4 units. Acidity is predicted to increase with altitude by up to 1−1.5 units for PM1, and 2−2.5 units for PM1−10 in the first two kilometers due to the decrease of liquid water content with height. In the fourth part, ISORROPIA-lite, an accelerated and simplified version of ISORROPIA-II aerosol thermodynamics model is presented and evaluated. ISORROPIA-lite assumes that the aerosol exists in liquid form even at low relative humidities (metastable state) and treats the aerosol thermodynamics using binary activity coefficients from precalculated look-up tables. These assumptions speed up the thermodynamic calculations by 35%. Application of ISORROPIA-lite in the PMCAMx CTM accelerates the simulations by about 10% with changes in the concentrations of the major aerosol components of less than 10% over Europe. Compared to ISORROPIA-II, ISORROPIA-lite also simulates the effects of organic water on aerosol thermodynamics. Simulation of these effects indicates an increase of fine nitrate and ammonium concentrations within 1 μg m−3 in places where the organic aerosol and RH levels are high. In the fifth part, the effects of secondary organic aerosol water (SOAW) on inorganic aerosol thermodynamics are studied using ISORROPIA-lite in PMCAMx for a full year over United States. SOAW can increase annual average fine aerosol water levels up to a factor of two when secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is a major PM1 component. Total dry PM1 can increase up to 2 μg m−3 due to increased partitioning of nitrate and ammonium (nitrate levels increase up to 200%) because of the additional SOAW mass when RH levels and PM1 components concentrations are high.
author2 Kakavas, Stylianos
author_facet Kakavas, Stylianos
Κακαβάς, Στυλιανός
author Κακαβάς, Στυλιανός
author_sort Κακαβάς, Στυλιανός
title Atmospheric acidity and secondary inorganic aerosol formation
title_short Atmospheric acidity and secondary inorganic aerosol formation
title_full Atmospheric acidity and secondary inorganic aerosol formation
title_fullStr Atmospheric acidity and secondary inorganic aerosol formation
title_full_unstemmed Atmospheric acidity and secondary inorganic aerosol formation
title_sort atmospheric acidity and secondary inorganic aerosol formation
publishDate 2022
url https://nemertes.library.upatras.gr/handle/10889/23284
work_keys_str_mv AT kakabasstylianos atmosphericacidityandsecondaryinorganicaerosolformation
AT kakabasstylianos atmosphairikēoxytētakaischēmatismosdeuterogenousanorganouaerozol
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spelling nemertes-10889-232842022-09-24T06:20:25Z Atmospheric acidity and secondary inorganic aerosol formation Ατμοσφαιρική οξύτητα και σχηματισμός δευτερογενούς ανόργανου αεροζόλ Κακαβάς, Στυλιανός Kakavas, Stylianos Air pollution Secondary inorganic aerosol components ISORROPIA-II Ατμοσφαιρική ρύπανση Δευτερογενή ανόργανα σωματίδια Secondary inorganic aerosol components (sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium) constitute a significant part of atmospheric PM mass and impact aerosol acidity. Aerosol nitrate and ammonium are mainly formed through gas-to-particle conversion processes of nitric acid (HNO3) and ammonia (NH3), while for sulfate the multiphase oxidation of sulfur dioxide (SO2) is mainly responsible. Chemical transport models (CTMs) have the tendency to overpredict fine nitrate aerosol levels in both U.S and Europe. This in turn can also affect fine ammonium aerosol predictions since in fine PM fraction nitrate partitions to the aerosol phase together with ammonium. Responsible for these errors in CTMs predictions may be the effects of non-volatile cations (NVCs) on fine PM levels and composition, which usually are not quantified correctly due to urban dust levels underestimation, but also the errors in the prediction of aerosol acidity. In addition, several Earth System Models (ESMs) usually neglect inorganic aerosol thermodynamics due to the additional computational burden. In this work, we use the PMCAMx CTM to quantify the effects of NVCs on fine PM levels and composition and to gain a better understanding of aerosol acidity and its various dependences. Also, ISORROPIA-lite, a simplified and lean version of the widely used ISORROPIA-II inorganic aerosol thermodynamics model is presented. Compared to its parent model, ISORROPIA-lite can simulate the effects of secondary organic aerosol water on aerosol thermodynamics. These effects are also examined. The first part of this thesis tests the hypothesis that errors in PM predictions by CTMs, such as PMCAMx, occur at least partially due to the urban dust emissions underestimation. The simulations suggest that the corresponding emissions are underestimated in the official pan-European reported emissions by a factor of ten. This hypothesis leads to improved PM10 predictions in all sites in Europe and especially in urban areas reducing the PM10 bias by 23% and the error by 13%. Simulations with the improved urban dust emissions indicate that PM1 nitrate, sulfate and ammonium levels can decrease on average within 20% over the modeling domain, while at the same time coarse levels can increase on average within 15% due to the higher levels of urban dust. In the second part of this thesis, aerosol acidity was simulated depending on particle size, location and altitude over Europe during summer using the hybrid version of PMCAMx for the simulation of inorganic aerosol formation. Simulations indicate that pH changes more with particle size in northern and southern Europe with differences up to 1−4 pH units between sub- and super-micron particles, while the average pH of PM1-2.5 can be as much as 1 unit higher than that of PM1. PM1 has the most water over the continental region of Europe, while coarse particles have the most water content in the marine and coastal areas due to the relatively higher levels of sea salt. Particles acidity increases with altitude (0.5-2.5 units pH decrease over 2.5 km) due to the decrease in aerosol liquid water content. Aerosol pH affects inorganic nitrate with the highest average nitrate levels predicted for the PM1-5 range and over locations where the pH exceeds 3. Dust increases aerosol pH for all particle sizes and nitrate concentrations for supermicron range particles. This effect of dust depends on calcium content. Τhe hybrid version of aerosol dynamics in PMCAMx is also used in the third part of this thesis to quantify aerosol acidity over the U.S during a wintertime and a summertime period as a function of particle size and altitude. Average PM1 pH can be higher up to 2 units during winter than summer due to the higher aerosol water levels in the cold periods. For the supermicron range, pH values are predicted to be higher during summer due to the higher concentrations of alkaline dust. Sub-micron aerosol is more acidic than supermicron for both seasons with pH differences of up to 1−4 units. Acidity is predicted to increase with altitude by up to 1−1.5 units for PM1, and 2−2.5 units for PM1−10 in the first two kilometers due to the decrease of liquid water content with height. In the fourth part, ISORROPIA-lite, an accelerated and simplified version of ISORROPIA-II aerosol thermodynamics model is presented and evaluated. ISORROPIA-lite assumes that the aerosol exists in liquid form even at low relative humidities (metastable state) and treats the aerosol thermodynamics using binary activity coefficients from precalculated look-up tables. These assumptions speed up the thermodynamic calculations by 35%. Application of ISORROPIA-lite in the PMCAMx CTM accelerates the simulations by about 10% with changes in the concentrations of the major aerosol components of less than 10% over Europe. Compared to ISORROPIA-II, ISORROPIA-lite also simulates the effects of organic water on aerosol thermodynamics. Simulation of these effects indicates an increase of fine nitrate and ammonium concentrations within 1 μg m−3 in places where the organic aerosol and RH levels are high. In the fifth part, the effects of secondary organic aerosol water (SOAW) on inorganic aerosol thermodynamics are studied using ISORROPIA-lite in PMCAMx for a full year over United States. SOAW can increase annual average fine aerosol water levels up to a factor of two when secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is a major PM1 component. Total dry PM1 can increase up to 2 μg m−3 due to increased partitioning of nitrate and ammonium (nitrate levels increase up to 200%) because of the additional SOAW mass when RH levels and PM1 components concentrations are high. Τα δευτερογενή ανόργανα σωματίδια (θειικά, νιτρικά και αμμωνιακά άλατα) αποτελούν κύρια συστατικά της ατμοσφαιρικής ρύπανσης. Τα ατμοσφαιρικά μοντέλα χημικής μεταφοράς συχνά υπερπροβλέπουν τις συγκεντρώσεις των δευτερογενών ανόργανων λεπτόκοκκων σωματιδίων και κυρίως αυτές των νιτρικών αλάτων. Επιπρόσθετα, αρκετά από τα παγκόσμια κλιματικά μοντέλα δεν προσομοιώνουν την θερμοδυναμική των ανόργανων σωματιδίων εξαιτίας του απαιτούμενου υπολογιστικού κόστους. Αυτή η διατριβή αποτελεί μια προσπάθεια να προσδιοριστούν οι επιδράσεις που έχουν τα κατιόντα της σκόνης (ασβέστιο, κάλιο, μαγνήσιο) και η ατμοσφαιρική οξύτητα στις συγκεντρώσεις των ανόργανων σωματιδίων αλλά και να καταννοηθεί καλύτερα η σωματιδιακή οξύτητα και οι διάφορες εξαρτήσεις της. Επίσης, παρουσιάζεται το ISORROPIA-lite, μια καινούργια βελτιωμένη έκδοση του ευρέως χρησιμοποιούμενου θερμοδυναμικού μοντέλου ανόργανων σωματιδίων ISORROPIA-II. Στο πρώτο μέρος της παρούσας εργασίας εξετάζεται η υπόθεση ότι η υποεκτίμηση των εκπομπών σκόνης στα αστικά κέντρα είναι υπεύθυνη για μέρος των σφαλμάτων στις προβλέψεις των συγκεντρώσεων των σωματιδίων στην Ευρώπη από τα μοντέλα χημικής μεταφοράς. Οι προσομοιώσεις με το τρισδιάστατο μοντέλο χημικής μεταφοράς PMCAMx υποδεικνύουν ότι οι αντίστοιχες εκπομπές υποεκτιμούνται κατά μία τάξη μεγέθους σε σύγκριση με τις επίσημες Ευρωπαϊκές εκπομπές. Αυτή η αλλαγή των εκπομπών αστικής σκόνης οδηγεί σε βελτιωμένες προβλέψεις συγκεντρώσεων σωματιδίων με διάμετρο μικρότερη από 10 μm ειδικά στα αστικά κέντρα και επηρεάζει τις προβλέψεις των δευτερογενών ανόργανων σωματιδίων στην Ευρωπαϊκή ατμόσφαιρα. Ειδικότερα οι προβλεπόμενες συγκεντρώσεις νιτρικών ιόντων, μειώνονται κατά μέσο όρο 20% στα λεπτόκοκκα και αυξάνονται κατά 10% στα χονδρόκοκκα. Στη συνέχεια χρησιμοποιήθηκαν οι βελτιωμένες εκπομπές για να προσομοιωθεί η οξύτητα των σωματιδίων στην Ευρωπαϊκή ατμόσφαιρα συναρτήσει του μεγέθους τους, της τοποθεσίας και του υψομέτρου με τη βοήθεια του PMCAMx. Οι προσομοιώσεις υποδεικνύουν ότι υπάρχουν σημαντικές διαφορές στο pH (έως 2 μονάδες) μεταξύ σωματιδίων με διάμετρο μικρότερη του 1 μm και χονδρόκοκκων και ότι το pH επηρεάζει τις προβλέψεις των νιτρικών ιόντων. Επιπρόσθετα, η οξύτητα των σωματιδίων αυξάνεται σημαντικά με το ύψος (έως 2.5 μονάδες). Στο τρίτο μέρος της παρούσας εργασίας προσομοιώθηκε με τη βοήθεια του PMCAMx η οξύτητα των σωματιδίων στις Η.Π.Α συναρτήσει αυτή τη φορά και της εποχής. Η οξύτητα των λεπτόκοκκων σωματιδίων είναι αυξημένη εως και 2 μονάδες κατά τη διάρκεια του καλοκαιριού σε σχέση με αυτή της χειμερινής περιόδου. Στο επόμενο κομμάτι της εργασίας παρουσιάζεται η ανάπτυξη του ISORROPIA-lite, μια απλοποιημένη και επιταχυμένη έκδοση (κατά 35%) του θερμοδυναμικού μοντέλου ανόργανων σωματιδίων ISORROPIA-II. Το ISORROPIA-lite θεωρεί ότι τα ανόργανα σωματίδια περιέχουν νερό στην ατμόσφαιρα ακόμα και σε χαμηλές σχετικές υγρασίες (μετασταθερή κατάσταση) και χρησιμοποιεί για τον υπολογισμό του συντελεστή ενεργότητας ενός ζεύγους ιόντων προϋπολογισμένους πίνακες. Το ISORROPIA-lite σε σύγκριση με το ISORROPIA-II έχει την επιπλέον δυνατότητα να υπολογίζει τις συγκεντρώσεις νερού και από τα οργανικά συστατικά των σωματιδίων και να προσομοιώνει τις επιδράσεις που έχει αυτό στη θερμοδυναμική ισορροπία των ανόργανων ημιπτητικών συστατικών των σωματιδίων. Τέλος, μελετήθηκαν οι επιδράσεις που έχει το νερό από τα οργανικά συστατικά των σωματιδίων στις συγκεντρώσεις και στη σύσταση των λεπτόκοκκων σωματιδίων εφαρμόζοντας το ISORROPIA-lite στο PMCAMx για ένα ολόκληρο χρόνο στις Η.Π.Α. Οι προσομοιώσεις υποδεικνύουν ότι το νερό από τα οργανικά συστατικά μπορεί να συνεισφέρει σημαντικά στις συνολικές συγκεντρώσεις νερού των σωματιδίων και να αυξήσει τοπικά τις συγκεντρώσεις νιτρικών και αμμωνιακών ιόντων ειδικότερα σε μέρη με υψηλά επίπεδα σχετικής υγρασίας και συγκεντρώσεων λεπτόκοκκων σωματιδίων. 2022-09-22T06:14:11Z 2022-09-22T06:14:11Z 2022-07-22 https://nemertes.library.upatras.gr/handle/10889/23284 en application/pdf