| Περίληψη: | Α three-dimensional chemical transport model (PMCAMx) is used to simulate particulate matter (PM) mass and composition in the eastern United States during the four seasons of the year (July 2001, October 2001, January 2002, and April 2002). The model predictions are evaluated against daily average PM2.5 (particulate mass less than 2.5 micrometers) measurements taken throughout the eastern United States by the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) and the Speciation Trends Network (STN) monitoring networks and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA Supersites program. During the spring and summer the model reproduces the measured daily average PM2.5 concentrations with an error of less than 50%, two thirds of the time. The PM2.5 error is less than 30% for 43% of the measurements during these seasons. For the fall and winter the PM2.5 predictions are within 50% of the measurements for 51% of the data points and within 30% for 34% of the time. The ability of the model to reproduce the aerosol nitrate concentrations in the spring and summer is limited by difficulties in simulating the heterogeneous nighttime formation rate of nitric acid. An important limitation of thισ model is the lack of treatment of crustal species (Ca, K, Mg, etc.). The incorporation of the thermodynamics of the crustal elements of calcium, potassium and magnesium to the preexisting suite of components of PMCAMx is the second objective of this research. The improved PMCAMx is applied to the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA). The aerosol thermodynamic model ISORROPIA-II is used to explicitly simulate the effect of Ca, Mg, and K from dust on semi-volatile partitioning and water uptake. The hybrid approach is applied to simulate the inorganic components, assuming that the smallest particles are in thermodynamic equilibrium, while describing the mass transfer to and from the larger ones. The final objective of this research is to provide useful information about the response of the PM concentration levels to changes in emissions. PMCAMx is used to investigate changes in PM2.5 concentrations in response to changes in SO2 and NH3 emissions during July 2001 and January 2002 in the Eastern United States.
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