Channel modeling for maritime IoT : wireless propagation over the sea

• Main Author: Θάνος, Δημήτριος
• Other Authors: Thanos, Dimitrios
• Language: English
• Published: 2023
• Subjects: 5G sea corridors; 5G networks; Propagation over the sea; Channel models

5G networks have revolutionized connectivity since their global deployment in 2019, offering speeds up to 10 Gbps and support for one million devices per square kilometer. However, establishing a reliable network over the sea presents unique challenges due to the unpredictable marine environment. Key obstacles include path loss models, limited simulation tools, wave propagation barriers, fluctuating sea conditions, data scarcity, and changing weather. Mobile terminals at sea heavily rely on maritime satellites or shore-based base stations, but challenges persist in transmission efficiency, coverage limitations, and meeting specific maritime service requirements. To address these issues, a cost-effective solution proposes a hybrid satellite-terrestrial network architecture. Existing models often overlook comprehensive path loss factors, emphasizing the need for an integrated system. Propagation models play a crucial role in estimating network coverage, accounting for wave phenomena and frequency considerations. Diffusion models enable theoretical predictions of wave interactions, determining loss magnitude and estimating signal strength. Optimal channel models are recommended for port, near-to-shore, and open-sea scenarios. Sea corridors hold immense significance for global trade, the maritime industry, and communication. Wireless communication in these corridors faces challenges such as propagation characteristics, harsh environments, long-distance communication, mobility management, and interference. To overcome these obstacles and ensure reliable connectivity, a specialized sea-corridor model is being developed to optimize 5G networks. The development process of this model considers the unique characteristics and requirements of port, near-to-shore, and open-sea scenarios. It addresses complexities such as multipath propagation, varying water depth, long distances, and intricate geometries. Suitable modeling techniques and algorithms are employed to accurately represent signal propagation and channel conditions in each scenario. Cost calculation for 5G networks primarily focuses on capital expenditure (CAPEX) and operational expenditure (OPEX). OPEX, which is four times higher than CAPEX, encompasses rental, maintenance, network management, and advertising costs. The study primarily examines the Radio Access Network (RAN) segment, while not delving into the core network, customer acquisition, and advertising aspects. To gain valuable insights into navigation strategies and challenges within sea corridors, a proposed study concentrates on the Alexandroupoli, Greece, to Bari, Italy route, divided into five segments. Each segment represents a distinct scenario, ranging from port areas to varying distances from the coastline. This study aims to provide practical information for navigation decisions and the development of communication solutions.