| Περίληψη: | This thesis addresses novel nanocomposite materials by incorporating quantum dots, and other nanoentities, into polymer and sol-gel derived matrices, aiming to produce integrated photonic structures. Its objectives embrace the synthesis and the investigation of photonic materials, together with alternative fabrication methodologies enabling the effective integration of functional nanocomposite photonic structures, such as active waveguides, micro-ring structures and diffractive optical elements for sensing applications.
Design, synthesis and characterization of nanocomposite materials in this context, involves QD incorporation in tailored-made polymers, synthesized using radical polymerization as well as QD embedment in titania matrices synthesized via sol-gel methods. Low cost sol-gel derived silica incorporating NiCl2 ¬ nanoentities was exploited in the proposed scheme of remote point sensing for ammonia detection. Commercially available hybrid organic/inorganic materials of the ORMOCER family are also used for structure fabrication. Further to microscopy, characterization of the materials mainly includes spectroscopic studies and refractive index measurements using reflectance interferometry.
For the demonstration of complex photonic structures by using nanocomposites elaborated studies are presented here focusing on two fabrication methods: a) direct laser ablative microfabrication using ArF excimer radiation at λ=193 nm and, b) soft lithography. To achieve this, a fully automated ArF excimer laser microfabrication station was established comprising computer controlled nanopositioning and laser beam control, as well as various prototype materials synthesis and fabrication devices. QD/polymer computer generated holograms, waveguides and micro-ring structures were simulated, designed and fabricated. Specific protocols and method were established. A modified solvent-assisted soft lithography method was also used for micropatterning and fabrication of photonic structures using QD/polymer and QD/titania films in conjunction to common UV and thermally curable materials. A solvent vapor smoothing process was found to significantly enhance the quality of the structures as observed with scanning electron microscopy.
QD/polymer computer generated holograms, diffractive optical elements, micro-ring structures, vertical cavity resonators and other advanced photonic structures comprising quantum dot nanocrystals and nano-entities are investigated.
A new photonic sensing scheme is proposed and demonstrated here for remote, spatially-localized sensing. It comprises a low cost diffractive thin film of a sensing material remotely interrogated by use of light beams. A silica/NiCl2 system fabricated via the sol-gel methods and micropatterned using the direct laser ablative microfabrication method is demonstrated, to allow detection of as low as 1 ppm of ammonia.
Finally, the merits of incorporating epitaxially grown quantum dots in highly resonant structures for signal amplification, namely vertical cavity semiconductor optical amplifier and micro-ring semiconductor optical amplifiers, are discussed. Such devices are demonstrated to lack a laser threshold if designed properly allowing for the full exploitation of the fast carrier dynamics of quantum dots by driving them at high currents, for amplification of high-bit-rate signals of up to 100 Gb/s. A rate equation theoretical model was developed which provides both performance prediction of the devices under discussion and design guidelines for threshold-less operation.
This doctoral thesis served, as a whole, its main scope of providing a palette of materials and methods as well as some useful concepts for the fabrication of functional photonic structures and devices based on advanced nanocomposites.
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