| Περίληψη: | The ample interest of every strand in Efficiency and Productivity Analysis during the last decades has been placed on unravelling the mechanisms and identifying the sources of heterogeneity among the units under consideration so as to guarantee to the most possible extent that the benchmarking process takes places among similar Decision Making Units. Regarding the sources of heterogeneity have been scouted among the ownership scheme of the firm, the managerial ability, the size of the firm, the technology the production entity has access to among others. The latter could be further attributed to resource endowments, productivity differentials, regulations over the production process and past achievements which determine to a significant extent, future developments. All in all, these factors have been explored under the label of technological heterogeneity. Efficiency analysis‘ empirical literature has been beneficiated by the introduction of metafrontier, almost a decade ago, which envelops the individual frontiers and accounts for all the possible heterogeneity among the units under examination since the latter are evaluated against the available state of knowledge.
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