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oapen-20.500.12657-474242023-01-31T18:46:40Z London Moonen, Tim Clark, Greg Nunley, Jack European Investment Bank Business & Economics Finance bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KF Finance & accounting::KFF Finance Despite the uncertainties of Brexit, London continues to be rated as a leading location in Europe and the world for business, knowledge, and talent. But 30 years ago, when London had no citywide government, a transport system in crisis, and no successful track record of continuous large-scale upgrades to the urban fabric, this scenario would have seemed highly unlikely. In this essay we examine how London's unpromising 1980s gave rise to three decades of reinvestment and we explain how the European Investment Bank played an essential catalytic role in successive cycles of London's evolution from an under-governed de-populating national capital into a diverse global centre benefiting from integrated urban systems management. 2021-03-20T04:31:49Z 2021-03-20T04:31:49Z 2018 book 9789286138959 https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/47424 eng application/pdf Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International QH0618218ENN.en.pdf European Investment Bank European Investment Bank https://doi.org/10.2867/631170 https://doi.org/10.2867/631170 66479d04-7b84-49c0-9a4d-db552a3ecc71 b818ba9d-2dd9-4fd7-a364-7f305aef7ee9 9789286138959 Knowledge Unlatched (KU) European Investment Bank Knowledge Unlatched open access
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Despite the uncertainties of Brexit, London continues to be rated as a leading location in Europe and the world for business, knowledge, and talent. But 30 years ago, when London had no citywide government, a transport system in crisis, and no successful track record of continuous large-scale upgrades to the urban fabric, this scenario would have seemed highly unlikely. In this essay we examine how London's unpromising 1980s gave rise to three decades of reinvestment and we explain how the European Investment Bank played an essential catalytic role in successive cycles of London's evolution from an under-governed de-populating national capital into a diverse global centre benefiting from integrated urban systems management.
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