| Περίληψη: | "There are three great options in the philosophy of nature: materialism, cosmic
monism, and holistic pluralism. These correspond to the metaphysical priority of, respectively,
the very small, the very large, and the intermediate. Human beings and other organisms fall into
the intermediate category, and a philosophy of nature that gives pride of place to thought and
responsible, intentional action, while avoiding Cartesian dualism and idealism, must embrace the
Aristotelian option of plural holism. Aristotle’s metaphysics clearly assigns the status of
fundamental to living organisms, despite their intermediate size.
However, integrating this Aristotelian view with modern science faces the problem of the
inorganic world. Where can we find the fundamental Aristotelian substances in that world,
needed to complete the plural holist picture? I will argue that we can take our cues from the
holistic character of quantum chemistry and thermodynamics. Just as there are irreducibly human
powers grounded in the human soul as the ‘form of the body’, so too are there irreducibly
thermochemical powers grounded in thermochemical forms, which are ontologically prior to the
arrangement of particles and waves in space and time. I extend this account to the irreducibly
biological powers of organisms."
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