Meteorological Measurements and Instrumentation.

• Κύριος συγγραφέας: Harrison, Giles
• Μορφή: Ηλ. βιβλίο
• Γλώσσα: English
• Έκδοση: Hoboken : Wiley, 2014.
• Σειρά: Advancing weather and climate science.
• Θέματα: Meteorology > Observations.; Measurement.; Meteorological instruments.; Meteorology.; Physical measurements.; Scientific apparatus and instruments.; SCIENCE > Earth Sciences > Geography.; SCIENCE > Earth Sciences > Geology.; Electronic books.; Observations.

This book describes the fundamental scientific principles underlying high quality instrumentation used for environmental measurements. It discusses a wide range of in situ sensors employed in practical environmental monitoring and, in particular, those used in surface based measurement systems. It a...

Πίνακας περιεχομένων:

• Meteorological Measurements and Instrumentation; Contents; Series Foreword; Advancing Weather and Climate Science; Preface; Acknowledgements; Disclaimer; 1 Introduction; 1.1 The instrumental age; 1.2 Measurements and the climate record; 1.3 Clouds and rainfall; 1.4 Standardisation of air temperature measurements; 1.5 Upper air measurements; 1.5.1 Manned balloon ascents; 1.5.2 Self-reporting upper air instruments; 1.6 Scope and structure; 2 Principles of Measurement and Instrumentation; 2.1 Instruments and measurement systems; 2.1.1 Instrument response characterisation.
• 2.1.2 Measurement quality2.2 Instrument response time; 2.2.1 Response to a step change; 2.2.2 Response to an oscillation; 2.3 Deriving the standard error; 2.3.1 Sample mean; 2.3.2 Standard error; 2.3.3 Quoting results; 2.4 Calculations combining uncertainties; 2.4.1 Sums and differences; 2.4.2 Products and quotients; 2.4.3 Uncertainties from functions; 2.5 Calibration experiments; 3 Electronics and Analogue Signal Processing; 3.1 Voltage measurements; 3.2 Signal conditioning; 3.2.1 Operational amplifiers; 3.2.2 Operational amplifier fundamentals; 3.2.3 Signal amplification.
• 3.2.4 Buffer amplifiers3.2.5 Inverting amplifier; 3.2.6 Line driving; 3.2.7 Power supplies; 3.3 Voltage signals; 3.3.1 Electrometers; 3.3.2 Microvolt amplifier; 3.4 Current measurement; 3.4.1 Current to voltage conversion; 3.4.2 Photocurrent amplifier; 3.4.3 Logarithmic measurements; 3.4.4 Calibration currents; 3.5 Resistance measurement; 3.5.1 Thermistor resistance measurement; 3.5.2 Resistance bridge methods; 3.6 Oscillatory signals; 3.6.1 Oscillators; 3.6.2 Phase-locked loops; 3.6.3 Frequency to voltage conversion; 3.7 Physical implementation.
• 4 Data Acquisition Systems and Initial Data Analysis4.1 Data acquisition; 4.1.1 Count data; 4.1.2 Frequency data; 4.1.3 Interval data; 4.1.4 Voltage data; 4.1.5 Sampling; 4.1.6 Time synchronisation; 4.2 Custom data logging systems; 4.2.1 Data acquisition cards; 4.2.2 Microcontroller systems; 4.2.3 Automatic Weather Stations; 4.3 Management of data files; 4.3.1 Data logger programming; 4.3.2 Data transfer; 4.3.3 Data file considerations; 4.4 Preliminary data examination; 4.4.1 In situ calibration; 4.4.2 Time series; 4.4.3 Irregular and intermittent time series; 4.4.4 Further data analysis.
• 5 Temperature5.1 The Celsius temperature scale; 5.2 Liquid in glass thermometry; 5.2.1 Fixed interval temperature scales; 5.2.2 Liquid-in-glass thermometers; 5.3 Electrical temperature sensors; 5.3.1 Thermocouple; 5.3.2 Semiconductor; 5.3.3 Thermistor; 5.3.4 Metal resistance thermometry; 5.4 Resistance thermometry considerations; 5.4.1 Thermistor measurement; 5.4.2 Platinum resistance measurement; 5.5 Thermometer exposure; 5.5.1 Radiation error of air temperature sensors; 5.5.2 Thermometer radiation screens; 5.5.3 Radiation errors on screen temperatures; 5.5.4 Lag times in screen temperatures.